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Ma2.1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Ma2.1 - Essay Example Holzner (2006) found that Dell, from its initial long periods of business, concentrated on offering PCs as fast as could be expected under the circumstances and with more noteworthy quality administrations (p. 4-6). With its essential promoting system of ‘go direct’ and its advertising target of furnishing clients with extraordinary worth and prevalent quality PCs, Dell could rank 34 in the Fortune 500 organizations by 2008. It utilizes in excess of 63,000 representatives in excess of 150 nations. This exploration work is an endeavor to examine the advertising procedures being received by Dell Inc as of late. As opposed to portraying the methodologies that are executed by Dell, this bit of research work gives an inside and out examination of why and how these systems helped Dell accomplishment in its business and accomplish its objectives. This exploration work assists find with trip the vital points of view and hypothetical methodologies that clarify how Dell made the example of overcoming adversity. This work distinguishes most significant key techniques received by Dell including direct plan of action, Virtual mix, customization and client center and these systems are nitty gritty so as to inspect how these procedures can help a business in its prosperity way. This exploration work is an investigation of worldwide technique from the case of Dell. Dell has been viewed as a model and lighting up model for fruitful organization with viable worldwide procedures. One system, yet various procedures are essentially coordinated in the business story of Dell. This examination work recognizes certain universal administration and promoting systems of Dell including ‘go direct’, gracefully chain the board, client center, customization and virtual mix. Dell’s ‘go direct’ model stays to be an amazing key apparatus that disposes of the center men costs, at the same time, enables the organization to discover and meet explicit

How to Money, Episode 5 What is a Secured Loan

How to Money, Episode 5 What is a Secured Loan How to Money, Episode 5: What is a Secured Loan? How to Money, Episode 5: What is a Secured Loan?On the latest episode of our “How to Money” video series, we talk about secured loans. Not sure what a secured loan is, or whether you should apply for one? Perfect! This is just the video for you.Enjoy!What is a Secured Loan?There are two types of loans: secured loans and unsecured loans. A secured loan is a loan that’s backed by collateral, while unsecured loans are loans that do not involve collateral.What’s collateral? It’s a valuable piece of property that you offer up as part of the loan agreement. If you can’t pay back your secured loan, then the lender can seize the collateral and sell it. These loans are much less risky for lenders, which has its benefits for the borrower as well.Since unsecured loans do not involve collateral, they are much riskier for lenders. The only thing backing them is the borrower’s promise that they will repay the loan. If the borrower can’t pay the loan back, then the lender stands to lose a lot of money.Types of Secured Loans.The two most common types of secured loans are mortgages and auto loans.A mortgage is a loan that’s secured by real estate while an auto loan is secured by a car, truck, or motorcycle. In many cases, both mortgages and auto loans are structured as installment loans and are secured by the house or car that the loan is being taken out to purchase. In cases like these, the buyer doesn’t technically own the house or the car until the loan is fully paid off. Once it is paid off, they are said to own it “free and clear.”However, not all secured loans are structured this way. Ask any homeowner and they’ll be familiar with a home equity loan (or line of credit), which are loans taken out against the value of your house. If you still owe a mortgage on the house, the home equity loan is secured by the value of your home above and beyond what you still owe. Due to their low interest rates, they can often serve as debt consolidation loans.Mos t credit cards are unsecured, but there are secured cards as well. The collateral for these cards is a deposit that also sets the card’s credit limit. You deposit $500, and you get a $500 credit limit.  If you can’t pay the card back, the lender can use your deposit to pay it off instead.Secured credit cards are easier to get approved for then unsecured cards. But what sets them apart from most bad credit loans and no credit check loans is that (in most cases) your payments get reported to the credit bureaus.This means that secured credit cards can be a great way for people with not-so-great credit scores to start rebuilding their credit history.To read more about secured credit cards, check out our blog post, Secured Credit Cards: 3 Ways to Use One to Rebuild Bad CreditHere’s an example of a Secured Loan.Let’s say you’re looking to buy a house, and the house costs $300,000 dollars.Most people wouldn’t be able to buy that house outright. To do so, they would have to sav e up $300,000 in one lump sum. Is that something you’d be able to do?(We’re guessing not. And don’t worry, we wouldn’t be able to either.)So instead, this person takes out a mortgage that lets them pay that $300,000 off over time. Of course, it also means that they’ll be paying interest on the loan. So they’ll end up paying quite a bit more than just $300,000 by the time everything is said and done.EVen when you’re taking out a secured loan to purchase a house or car, a down payment is usually required. This is a certain percentage of the total asking price that you pay up front. The more you pay upfront, the less you have to borrow, and the more money you’ll save overall. Lenders like it too because it means less risk.What happens if you take out a mortgage to buy that $300,000 house and then you can’t pay it off? Well, If you can’t make your payments on the loan, then the lender will seize the house, kick you out, and then sell it in order to make up the money they lost. With an auto loan, they’ll take your car back.For mortgages, this process is called “eviction.” With an auto loan, it’s called repossession.”The pros of Secured Loans.The biggest advantage of secured loans is that they come with much lower interest rates than unsecured loans, and they are generally much easier to get approved.This is because secured loans pose much less risk to lenders. If they give out a secured loan and the borrower is unable to pay them back, they can just seize the collateral and sell it. They might not make back everything they lost on the loan, but, at the very least, they’ll have lost a lot less.With unsecured personal loans, the stakes are a bit different. There is a much greater chance that the lender will lose a lot of money if the borrower can’t pay the loan back. Even if they sell the debt to a collection agency, they’ll do so at a fraction of the full amount that’s owed.This is why the interest rates for unsecured loans are so much higher because lenders have to insure themselves against the higher levels of risk. It’s also why lenders are much less likely to approve them. Your credit score is a major factor when applying for an unsecured loan.Without secured loans and collateral, the world would look very different. People would have to save up a lot of money to make big purchases like homes and cars. And the only people who’d be able to borrow money would be people with tons of wealth and a sterling credit history.Basically, if you were a regular person, a world without secured loans would not be great.The cons of Secured Loans.If you default on an unsecured personal loan, you’ll get sent to collections, which sucks.But default on a mortgage? You’ll get evicted. Default on an auto loan? Your car gets repossessed. Those suck way more.So the interest rates may be lower for a secured loans, but the risks for you, the borrower, are much, much higher.There are also predatory secured loans, like ti tle loans, where the rates are super high. These are short-term loans, similar to payday loans, that are secured by the title to your car, truck or motorcycle. If a borrower is unable to pay the loan back on time, they can then (depending on state regulations) roll the loan over or reborrow it.It’s a great way for lenders to rack up excessive fees and interest. According to a study from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), the average annual percentage rate (APR) for a title loan is over 300 percent. Yikes!To read more about title loans, check out our article: Texas: The Wild West of Auto Title LendingHere are your takeawaysSecured loans are backed by collateral, while unsecured loans are not.Secured loans mean less risk for lenders, which means lower rates for borrowers.Secured loans allow people to make big purchases, like homes and cars.Mortgage loans and auto loans are the most common types of secured loans.Title loans are predatory secured loans.Be sure to check o ut our other How to Money episodes, where we cover credit scores, the debt to income ratio, and more! You can request topics for future How to Money episodes by emailing us or by shooting us a tweet at @OppLoans.

Rational Choice Theory Merits and Limitations - 1195 Words

The objective of this paper is to provide insight into Rational Choice Theory. This theory, highly relied upon by many disciplines, is also used to calculate and determine crime and criminal behavior. Through definition, example and techniques utilized by criminologists, the reader will have a better understanding of the subject. By definition, criminology is the study of crime, criminal behavior and how it pertains to the law. Criminology is considered a scientific technique. Therefore, those who study and carry out its theories are considered scientists. The theories and practices within the subject help criminologists determine the cause and consequence of criminal behavior; also why criminology is so highly regarded among law†¦show more content†¦This reasoning is inherently based on the belief that if the punishment is severe enough, it will deter or prevent further criminal behavior. Incidentally, thirty-eight states currently uphold the death penalty based on the find ings of rational choice theory (cite). The CEO of a large corporation decides to siphon small inconspicuous amounts of money from his employer, over an extended period of time. A thief decides to rob an elderly woman walking down a darkened street in the middle of the night. These are just a couple examples of rational choice transpiring. The CEO believes that if he steals only small amounts of money, stretched out over time, no one will have noticed that the money is missing and he will ultimately get away with it. The thief believes that by choosing a more vulnerable target, such as the elderly woman, in a less than safe environment, a darkened street that there will potentially be no witness to his crime and he will likely get away with it, as well. Rational choice theory can be applied to nearly every form of crime. Murder, rape, robbery can all in some way be attributed to rational decision making. Rational choice theory is heavily relied upon because it allows for scientific explanation. Scientific explanation is considered the most respected and substantial form of supporting evidence in virtually all disciplines. However, due to a â€Å"lack† of true hard evidence, the accuracyShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Planning, Policy Formulation And Decision Making Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesOVERVIEW The article is aimed at clarifying and formalizing the Successive Limited Comparisons (Branch) method, which has been neglected by authors (in the literature) for a long time. This long neglected method is contrasted with the Rational-Comprehensive (Root) method, which has been widely covered in the books (literatures) of planning, policy formulation and decision-making. The author examines and describes how some administrators approach complicated social problems as the root method failsRead MoreEvolution Of Public Administration Approaches1695 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosopher, political economist Max Weber. Weber advocated various concepts such as the development of standardized procedures with a clear chain of command. He developed a bureaucratic model known as the rational-legal model. The goal of this model was to explain bureaucracy from a rational point of view (Max Weber, n.d.). Just like Taylor, Weber also promoted efficiency but he also considered human emotions that w ere missing from Taylor’s scientific management approach. The traditional publicRead MoreFederalists Vs. Anti Federalists1518 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the two models are fundamentally incompatible. In fact, a â€Å"filtered mirror† that merges the two theories together in a system that is both inclusive and deliberative, would better serve the interest of the public and government at large. The Anti-Federalists raised several well founded arguments for a state referendum, in which every eligible voter could voice his opinions on policy choices. To these statesmen, mass participation served â€Å"as a proxy for actual consent† and the only way â€Å"in whichRead MoreThe Theory Of Rational Systems1342 Words   |  6 PagesScott s Perspective of Organization s as Rational Systems in the perspective of Weber, Simon and Taylor. In the perspective of rational systems as defined by Scott- organizations are defined as â€Å"instruments designed to attain specific goals†. Scott focuses on the action of functional rationality that refers to the implementation of a series of actions to attain specific goals with maximum possible efficiency. Scott s draws his basic definition of rationality by encompassing the results, researchRead MoreDeontology and Utilitarianism Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesDescribe the main principles of the two normative ethical theories of deontology and utilitarianism. Compare and contrast the two theories, bringing out any problems or limitations you see in each. INTRODUCTION:- Bioethicists ask these questions in the context of modern medicine and draw on a plurality of traditions, both secular and religious, to help society understand and keep pace with how advances in science and medical technology can change the way we experience the meaning of healthRead MoreThe Importance Of A Better Knowledge Base About Diversity Issues And End Of Life Decision Making1442 Words   |  6 PagesLimitation The findings reviewed herein have made important contributions toward the development of a better knowledge base about diversity issues and end-of-life decision making. Although the small number of studies conducted and the methodological concerns evident in the research preclude making many definitive conclusions about how different racial or ethnic groups approach end-of-life decisions, the results to date suggest that the end of life is a distinct context that merits special studyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Corporate Ethics1468 Words   |  6 Pagesimpact on the stakeholders of a company and social environment of a company (Fischer, 2004). LO1 Analyse concepts and theories of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and business ethics When discussing ethical theories, there is a mutual recognition of two main schools of thought. The deontological sight is that the correct action is one which is naturally right, and focuses on the choice about the decision making capacity to achieve the duty and responsibilities to the parties involved. Immanuel KantRead MoreThe Theory Of Decision Making1944 Words   |  8 Pagesoptions are available though? Throughout the years, many behavioural scientists proposed different theories in order to explain how we face decisions and act before them. Do we calculate them all accurately before ‘cutting off’? One of the most recognized theories for decision making is the von Neumann- Morgenstern utility theorem (1944), which states that the decision-maker in front of all the different choices will behave as if he is maximizing the expected value of some function defined over the potentialRead MoreAutonomy and Self-Reliance: Kant Vs. Emmerson1682 Words   |  7 PagesThe Au tonomy of Self-Reliance In the late eighteenth century, with the publication of his theories on morality, Immanuel Kant revolutionized philosophy in a way that greatly impacted the decades of thinkers after him. The result of his influence led to perceptions and interpretations of his ideas reflected in the works of writers all around the world. Kant’s idealism stems from a claim that moral law, a set of innate rules within each individual, gives people the ability to reason, and itRead MoreRawls Theory of Justice1853 Words   |  8 Pagescriteria commonly employed for the distribution of goods and services are ‘desert’, ‘merit’ and ‘need’. The concept of desert refers to the actions of men and women that result in special treatment either in the form of rewards or n the form of punishments. Thus, justice is linked with distribution and is a distributive concept. Justice is divided into two broad categories – procedural and social. In theories of social justice, justice is seen as a feature of the society, so evaluation is done

Scholarship Program Essay - 1185 Words

Indiana’s voucher program, called the â€Å"Choice Scholarship Program,† began in January of 2011 (Indiana Department of Education, 2017). As seen in Graph 1, student performance for math in Indiana followed a generally upward trend. Beginning in 2003 at 281, it rises a single point by 2005. In 2007 it’s up another three points and by 2009 it reaches a peak at 287. In 2011 it drops briefly by two points but rises to 288 in 2013. In 2015, a year after the program began the math score falls a single point to 287. Reading scores in Indiana begin at 265 but quickly drop four points by 2005. However, they soon rise to 264 and 266 from 2007 to 2009. They drop a point in 2011 but rise two in 2013. In 2015 they rise a single point again. As seen in†¦show more content†¦Louisiana’s voucher program, titled the â€Å"Louisiana Scholarship Program,† was put into use in 2011 (EdChoice). Louisiana had the lowest scores for both math and reading, as seen in Graph 3. Math scores begin at 266 in 2003, rise two points by 2005 and another point in 2007. It flat lines for two years, rises a single point in 2011 and flat lines another two years. Finally, it falls to 268 in 2015. Reading scores are even lower, as seen in Table 4. They begin at 253 in 2003 and stay there through 2009. In 2011, scores climb two points to 255 and another two points in 2013. However, in 2015 they fall two points to 255. While reading scores ultimately returned to the same value as the year the program began, math scores fell significantly four years after the voucher program began. According to Graph 4, proficiency levels seem to decline in Louisiana since 2003. This decline was much smaller for the advanced students, specifically. The percentage of advanced students in math was 3% in 2003 and 2% by 2015. Likewise, the percentage of advanced reading students was 2% in 2003, it fell to 1% in 2007, but ended at 2% again in 2015. Since the program began in 2011, it would be deceptive to conclude that the program led to fewer advanced and proficient math and reading students in public schools North Carolina’s voucher program, called the â€Å"Opportunity Scholarships Program,† began in 2014 (EdChoice). As seen in Graph 5, math scores in NorthShow MoreRelatedScholarship Application for a Music Program Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesMusic is one of the most fascinating aspects of a civilization, and yet it’s importance is often overlooked by many in today’s world. The existence of music dates well beyond any known civilization, and its gradual evolution drastically varies from culture to culture. To me, the notion that music is a mere reflection of society is a statement I used to take for granted. Although this notion is true to some degree, mainly with some popular music, my research has led me to conclude that all music influencesRead MoreScholarship Application Essay for a Study Abroad Program959 Words   |  4 PagesToday I am a very successful student at Albany State University. I am a Presidential Scholarship recipient, holding a 3.6 Gra de Point Average and a member of the Velma Fudge Grant Honors Program. As a second semester junior, I am proud to say I have remained on the Dean’s List since I arrived on campus. Aside from my academics, I am very active on campus. As a Social Work major, I work diligently with the Students Social Work Association as an advocate for social policy and justice. Through thisRead MoreLetter Of Upward Bound Migrant Program949 Words   |  4 PagesThe one that motivated me to write essays and apply to colleges while telling me to become more active during high school was the most stressing person I’ve met. For every individual there has been at least one person that helped them become motivated to got to college and become more active. Some common motivators are family, friends , celebrities, teachers and even historical figures. But for me, the one that motivated me was none other than my nagging high school counselor/advisor, Marienel LopezRead MoreThe Importance Of Coll ege Careers In The University Of Oxford University1639 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity of Colorado Boulder, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Oxford University. I have remained interested in both the University of Colorado Boulder and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as they offer world class aerospace engineering programs, which is the career that I hope to pursue throughout college. Additionally, the University of Colorado Boulder offers in-state tuition, which can greatly help reduce the cost of tuition. However, I have since lost interest in Oxford University.Read MoreScholarships, Grants and Loans Are All Options for Continued Education570 Words   |  3 Pagesfor any career. Canada offers an education through wonderful universities. Many delay or postpone their education due to the lack of financial funding. There are numerous scholarships available to individuals with a desire to gain further education. Many universities offer programs known as work- study programs. Theses programs are designed for the student to be employed through the university they are attending and a partial amount of the income earned will be applied to the education cost. Read MoreRelationship With Intern Abroad And The Academic And Future Professional Goals1651 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact of your experience abroad?   2. Describe your study or intern abroad program. What factors led you to select this program and length of study?   3. Why have you chosen your country of study? What factors led you to select this country?   4. How will this study or intern abroad program and the coursework you take abroad impact your academic and future professional goals?   5. Are there any distinctive components to this program, beyond coursework, that will impact your overall learning experienceRead MoreWhy I Want to Attend Westmont College Essay676 Words   |  3 Pagesyou start to apply you are requires to write an essay and get recommendations. You are required to either take the SAT or ACT. Westmont does not specify on what your GPA must be, but the lowest grades of the incoming freshman are 2.50-2.99 and they are only seven percent of the class. So as you can tell your GPA is important. The college also considers your character qualities and your standardized test scores very important! Your application essay, extracurricular activities, interview (if you chooseRead MoreProfessional And Amateur Level Sports1330 Words   |  6 PagesNational Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)†, revealed the ongoing racial inequities in college sports across the country. In the Study, Harper et al argued against college administrators who claimed that academic inequities within their athletic programs were due to the inability to enroll academically qualified African-American men (Lederman 1 cited Harper 8). According to Harper et al, the hypocrisy in their claim is that the same college administrators had no problems over the years enrollingRead MoreEvaluation Of The Program Costs1201 Words   |  5 PagesOverview of Program Costs According to BYU’s website regarding the MSW program, it states that â€Å"our program takes 20 months of full-time study to complete. You will pay tuition five times.† With a tuition of $3,250 a semester for graduate students at BYU, I will need to pay a total of $16,250 of tuition. While the price for books and school supplies is not explicitly stated, I am estimating that it will be an additional $300 per semester, or $1,500 for the five semesters. This would increase theRead MoreEssay for applic749 Words   |  3 Pagescom/rus21 Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ¾Ã »Ã ° Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾ Ð ½Ã ° Ð ²Ã'‹Ð ±Ã ¾Ã'€ Ð ­Ã'„Ã'„Ð µÃ ºÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ²Ã ½Ã'‹Ð µ Ð ºÃ'Æ'Ã'€Ã' Ã'‹ Ð ´Ã »Ã'  Ð ²Ã' Ã µÃ'… Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã ½Ã µÃ ¹ Scholarship Onlinewww.aiu.edu/UniversityOffers Online degree programs, partial scholarships available. Ð £Ã ·Ã ½Ã °Ã ¹ Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾englishtown.ruПÃ'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ'€Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ð µ Ã' Ã ²Ã ¾Ã ¹ Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ ½Ã'Å' Ð °Ã ½Ã ³Ã »Ã ¸Ã ¹Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ³Ã ¾. ИÐ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²Ã °Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ð ¹ КÐ µÃ ¼Ã ±Ã'€Ð ¸Ã ´Ã ¶Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹ Ã'‚Ð µÃ' Ã'‚. For years the Common Application had no length limit, and applicants and counselors frequently debated whether a tight 450-word essay was a wiser approach than a detailed 900-word piece. In 2011, that decision

Hippocampus Free Essays

Food Memory Smells like Nostalgia chose to share a story about my past experience this summer with memory being triggered by taste and how the two senses work together to bring back a unique memory from a certain time period. During my time from K-8 1 had a really great friend that I would always hangout with after school. We would walk to his house each day after school and when we got to his house the first thing we would always do is raid the snack cabinet. We will write a custom essay sample on Hippocampus or any similar topic only for you Order Now This was no ordinary snack cabinet, it had everything you could ever dream of for a snack! His mother would only allow us to have one thing from the cabinet and then would lock it up till dinner. There was only one snack that always would chose, and it was Fruit Gushers. These little guys are a soft candy that burst when you bite into it. Inside the gummy candy is a little bit of fruity syrup so you can get two different textures from the one candy bite. Was so in love with fruit gushers because I could only get them at my friend’s house. My parents would never buy them for me or let me pick them out, so going over to Tyler house aftershock everyday was quite a treat and is one of my most endnotes memories. This memory was recently relived, this summer 10 years later from having Fruit Gushers friends. I had the day off from work and I was over at a different friend’s house playing Pollination 4. Lost contact with my friends my middle school after we split to different high schools. After a while my friend got hungry and ask me if I wanted a snack from the pantry, and of course said â€Å"Sure! , surprise me! † He comes back up stairs and he throws me a yellow package. Sure enough it was the same Fruit Gushers that I had when was younger. It was nostalgic and instantly got thrown back into time and remember all of the fun things I used to do in middle school and how life used to be without any worries. This was very interesting to me that the senses of taste and smell and trigger long lost memories of ones life. For this project decided to do a little research to actually find out why smell can trigger pas memories. My research found that after a smell enters the nose, it travels through the cranial nerve through the olfactory bulb, which helps the brain process smells. The olfactory bulb is part of the limbic system, the motional center of the brain. As a member of the limbic system, the olfactory bulb can easily access the magical, which plays a role in emotional memories (it’s also where the â€Å"fight or flight† reflex comes from) this close relationship between the olfactory and the magical is one of the reason odors cause a spark of nostalgia. It is very interesting that I found this study to be true and what was experiencing was pure nostalgia, and that is an amazing aspect of the human body, being able to relate a certain smell with a past experience in life that you normally would have forgotten. How to cite Hippocampus, Papers

Noise Pollution free essay sample

Noise pollution is the disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or balance of human or animal life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused bymachines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and trains. [1][2] Outdoor noise is summarized by the word environmental noise. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas. Indoor noise is caused by machines, building activities, music performances, and especially in some workplaces. There is no great difference whether noise-induced hearing loss is brought about by outside (e. g. trains) or inside (e. g. music) noise. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans, a rise in blood pressure, and an increase in stress and vasoconstriction, and an increased incidence of coronary artery disease. In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation, and contribute to permanent hearing loss. We will write a custom essay sample on Noise pollution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is extremely important that we understand how sound pollution affects us. Some of us may be suffering from the negative effects of sound pollution and not know it because they dismiss it assomething trival when it is actually not. Therefore this page will be dedicated to explaining exactly what noise pollution is about, what causes it, how to calculate sound and how fast it travels. Effects Human[edit] Noise pollution affects both health and behavior. Unwanted sound (noise) can damage psychological health. Noise pollution can cause trouble, hypertension, high stress levels,tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. [3][4][5][6] Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading causes to health problems. [4][7] Sound becomes unwanted when it either interferes with normal activities such as sleeping, conversation, or disrupts or diminishes one’s quality of life. [8] Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss. Older males exposed to significant occupational noise demonstrate more significantly reduced hearing sensitivity than their non-exposed peers, though differences in hearing sensitivity decrease with time and the two groups are indistinguishable by age 79. A comparison of Maaban tribesmen, who were insignificantly exposed to transportation or industrial noise, to a typical U. S. population showed that chronic exposure to moderately high levels of environmental noise contributes to hearing loss. [3] High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects and exposure to moderately high levels during a single eight-hour period causes a statistical rise in blood pressure of five to ten points and an increase in stress,[3] and vasoconstriction leading to theincreased blood pressure noted above, as well as to increased incidence of coronary artery disease. Noise pollution also is a cause of annoyance. A 2005 study by Spanish researchers found that in urban areas households are willing to pay approximately four Euros per decibel per year for noise reduction. [10] Wildlife[edit] Noise can have a detrimental effect on wild animals, increasing the risk of death by changing the delicate balance in predator or prey detection and avoidance, and interfering the use of the sounds in communication, especially in relation to reproduction and in navigation. Acoustic overexposure can lead to temporary or permanent loss of hearing. An impact of noise on wild animal life is the reduction of usable habitat that noisy areas may cause, which in the case of endangered species may be part of the path to extinction. Noise pollution has caused the death of certain species of whales that beachedthemselves after being exposed to the loud sound of military sonar,[12] (see also Marine mammals and sonar). Noise also makes species communicate more loudly, which is called Lombard vocal response. [13] Scientists and researchers have conducted experiments that show whales song length is longer when submarine-detectors are on. If creatures do not speak loudly enough, their voice will be masked by anthropogenic sounds. These unheard voices might be warnings, finding of prey, or preparations of net-bubbling. When one species begins speaking more loudly, it will mask other species voice, causing the whole ecosystem eventually to speak more loudly. Marine invertebrates, such as crabs (Carcinus maenas), have also been shown to be impacted by ship noise. [15][16] Larger crabs were noted to be impacted more by the sounds than smaller crabs. Repeated exposure to the sounds did lead to acclimatization. Â  European Robins living in urban environments are more likely to sing at night in places with high levels of noise pollution during the day, suggesting that they sing at night because it is quieter, and their message can propagate through the environment more clearly. [17] The same study showed that daytime noise was a stronger predictor of nocturnal singing than night-time light pollution, to which the phenomenon often is attributed. Zebra finches become less faithful to their partners when exposed to traffic noise. This could alter a populations evolutionary trajectory by selecting traits, sapping resources normally devoted to other activities and thus leading to profound genetic and evolutionary consequences. [18] CAUSES When one thinks of Unwanted Sounds or Noise Pollution, it always brings to mind images of transportation vehicles, industrial machinery, construction sites, loud speaker, big events, etc. These are very common or usual reasons of noise pollution in our internal and external surroundings. This article will give you further information about the causes of disgusting noise in our environment. Â  Public/Private Transportation Vehicle – these are one of the daily causes of noise pollution in our streets, public hi-way, etc. Why? Because in every kind of vehicle it creates disturbing sounds by starting the engines, blowing of horns, playing music from car amplifier, etc. As a result the city has now become exposed from these types of unavoidable and uncontrollable noise. 2. Industrial Machinery – there are so many various examples of industrial machinery that creates severe disturbing and hazardous sounds to the industrial workers. The multiple kinds of industrial machinery are huge generators, large compressors, cranes, furnaces, exhaust fans and many more. It is through these objects that adds distractions and complications in our ambience. 3. Construction Sites – we all know that every construction area uses huge equipments as part of their job like pay loader, crane, cement mixer, bulldozer, etc. These construction items are expected to perform vibrations and loud noise that can affect illnesses to all construction workers. 4. Loud Speaker – using loud speaker in public or private areas like residential, commercial establishment, public market, concert arena, etc. , can definitely and instantly contributes disturbing sounds in our community or environment. The sounds from the loud speakers can immediately spread in our atmosphere and undoubtedly becomes one of the causes of noise pollution. 5. Big Events – we all love celebrating big events such as birthdays, anniversaries, house parties, festivals. But, do you realize how much noise you and your special visitors can create unpleasant and very disturbing sounds in your external surroundings or neighborhood? While you and your friends are enjoying your special occasion, your angry neighborhoods are having difficulties in their sleeping hours. These are the common causes and very prominent distractions in our precious space or environment. But there are still many ways to avoid and to decrease the sounds of these unlikable and harmful sounds in your local area. With a strong understanding about the main cause of noise pollution in your area, you will surely find the perfect solution of this kind of dilemma. Measurement of Sound : The intensity of sound is measured on a scale called decibel scale or db scale. It measures the loudness of sound in terms or relative units of energy or power on a logarithm scale. The scale starts from 0 db and is considered as threshold of hearing which the human can hear. A sound of 10 db is ten times louder than 0 (zero) db and a sound of 20 db is 10 x 10 times louder and likewise a sound of 30 db is 10 x 10 x 10 times louder. Mitigation[edit] Roadway noise can be reduced by the use of noise barriers, limitation of vehicle speeds, alteration of roadway surface texture, limitation of heavy vehicles, use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to reduce braking and acceleration, and tire design. An important factor in applying these strategies is a computer model for roadway noise, that is capable of addressing local topography, meteorology, traffic operations, and hypothetical mitigation. Costs of building-in mitigation can be modest, provided these solutions are sought in the planning stage of a roadway project. Aircraft noise can be reduced by using quieter jet engines. Altering flight paths and time of day runway has benefitted residents near airports. Industrial noise has been addressed since the 1930s via redesign of industrial equipment, shock mounted assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace. Legal status[edit] Main article: Noise regulation Up until the 1970s governments viewed noise as a nuisance rather than an environmental problem. In the United States, there are federal standards for highway and aircraft noise; states and local governments typically have very specific statutes on building codes, urban planning, and roadway development. Noise laws and ordinances vary widely among municipalities and indeed do not even exist in some cities. An ordinance may contain a general prohibition against making noise that is a nuisance, or it may set out specific guidelines for the level of noise allowable at certain times of the day and for certain activities. The Environmental Protection Agency retains authority to investigate and study noise and its effect, disseminate information to the public regarding noise pollution and its adverse health effects, respond to inquiries on matters related to noise, and evaluate the effectiveness of existing regulations for protecting the public health and welfare, pursuant to the Noise Control Act of 1972 and the Quiet Communities Act of 1978. Portland, Oregon instituted the first comprehensive noise code in 1975 with funding from the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and HUD (Housing and Urban Development). The Portland Noise Code includes potential fines of up to $5000 per infraction and is the basis for other major U. S. and Canadian city noise ordinances. [21] Many conflicts over noise pollution are handled by negotiation between the emitter and the receiver. Escalation procedures vary by country, and may include action in conjunction with local authorities, in particular the police.